Title: Lead-Free transducer design for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic spectroscopy

Abstract

The quick spread of the new coronavirus particularly increases the vulnerability of diabetics. Diabetes is already regarded as a pandemic illness. WHO estimates that there are 422 million people worldwide who have diabetes, omitting a significant portion of the population who have not yet received a diagnosis. Invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive methods can all be used to determine the blood glucose levels in the body. It is still usual practice to get a blood sample invasively in order to determine the blood glucose level. To detect blood glucose levels from capillary fluid, certain Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Meters (SMBG) have already been released on the market. Frequent blood glucose monitoring by invasive or semi-invasive techniques results in localized infection spread, discomfort, irritability, and patient dread. The development and progression of related illnesses such retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and neuropathy are reduced by 40–80% when blood glucose levels are closely monitored and controlled. However, there is still no known permanent treatment for diabetes. For diabetic individuals, non-invasive procedures (NIP) that continuously monitor glucose levels may be an option. A non-invasive method for glucose measurement is provided by spectroscopy methods. A deterministic scientific method called PhotoAcoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) is used to find glucose in the Near Infra-Red (NIR) spectrum. The Photoacoustic (PA) measurement apparatus was constructed, and PA measurements were made on glucose solutions at multiple NIR excitation wavelengths. The generated PA signal has been extracted with the help of a piezoelectric transducer. The Peak-to-peak amplitude of the PA signal increases in direct proportion to blood glucose levels. Restriction of Certain Hazardous Substances (ROHS) advised against using lead in electronic appliances due to the negative environmental impact of lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5A) material. For a lead-free transducer, the mixture of barium zirconate titanate (BZT) and barium calcium titanate (BCT) appears promising and fits the general criteria for piezoelectric properties. Compared to our prior output findings, we predict an instrument with enhanced efficiency and resolution.